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What are the precise controls for the raw material ratios in the preparation of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000)?
This material is made by using 99% pure diethylphosphonic acid and industrial grade aluminum hydroxide (purity 98%) as raw materials, placed in a 500L enamel reactor at a molar ratio of 2:1, adding 200L deionized water as solvent, heating to 90℃, and stirring at 40 rpm for 3 hours. To ensure that aluminum hydroxide reacts completely, diethylphosphonic acid needs to be in excess of 5% (i.e., the actual molar ratio is 2.1:1). During the reaction, the pH value is measured every 30 minutes. When the pH value stabilizes at 4.5, it is considered the end point, and the solution is clear without precipitation. After the reaction is completed, filter with a plate and frame filter, and the filter cake is vacuum dried at 80℃ for 8 hours to obtain a white powder. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the purity reaches 99%, the phosphorus content is 25%±0.5%, the aluminum content is 12%±0.3%, and the moisture is <0.1%. The process is like cooking porridge, and it needs to be stirred continuously to prevent local overheating and scaling. The jacket of the reactor needs to be controlled by heat transfer oil, and the temperature difference does not exceed ±2℃ to ensure that the product purity is uniform. It is a high-efficiency phosphorus flame retardant.
What are the specific performance data of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000) used in engineering plastics?
This product is added to polyamide 6 (melt flow rate 25g/10min) at a dosage of 15%, supplemented with 5% melamine cyanurate (MCA) for synergy, and granulated by a twin-screw extruder (temperature 230-250℃). The standard sample test of injection molding shows that the flame retardant level reaches UL94 V-0 (1.6mm thickness), and the oxygen index increases from 21% to 32%. The tensile strength reaches 75MPa, which is only 8% lower than the 82MPa of the unadded one, the elongation at break is 45%, and the impact strength is 5kJ/m², which meets the requirements of automotive electronic structural parts. In polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), the addition amount is 18%, and it is used together with 15% glass fiber. The heat deformation temperature (1.82MPa) remains at 210℃, which is only 10℃ lower than the 220℃ of the unadded one, and is suitable for electronic components with higher temperatures around the engine. It has good compatibility with glass fiber. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that there is no void on the fiber surface. The bending strength of reinforced PBT reaches 180MPa and the bending modulus is 4.5GPa. Therefore, it is widely used in engineering plastic parts such as connectors and relays, taking into account both flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
What are the details of the dual role of the flame retardant mechanism of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000)?
When this substance encounters fire, it begins to decompose at 350℃, first generating diethylphosphonic acid, and further decomposing into phosphate substances, catalyzing the dehydration and carbonization reaction on the plastic surface to form a dense carbon layer with a thickness of 0.5mm, which blocks oxygen and heat transfer like armor. The oxygen permeability of the carbon layer is only 1/100 of that of air. At the same time, the gaseous products released (such as ethylphosphonate) can capture hydroxyl radicals (・OH) and hydrogen radicals (・H) in the combustion reaction, inhibiting the gas phase chain reaction and reducing the combustion rate by more than 50%. Its decomposition temperature of 350℃ matches the processing temperature (250-300℃) of most engineering plastics (such as polyamide and PBT). It will not decompose prematurely during processing, so it can quickly play a role in the early stage of plastic combustion (when the temperature rises to 350℃). Compared with traditional phosphorus flame retardants, its phosphorus content is 25%, which is higher than the 10-15% of phosphate esters, and the flame retardant efficiency is increased by 30%. When the same flame retardant level is achieved, the amount added can be reduced by 1/3, thereby reducing the impact on the mechanical properties of the material.
What are the comparative data of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000) and other phosphorus flame retardants?
Compared with phosphate flame retardants (such as triphenyl phosphate), Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000) has higher thermal stability. According to thermogravimetric analysis (nitrogen atmosphere, heating rate 10℃/min), the thermal weight loss rate at 300℃ is only 2%, while triphenyl phosphate is 10%, so it is suitable for high-temperature processed engineering plastics such as polyamide and polyetheretherketone. In polyamide 6, its particle size is less than 10μm as measured by laser particle size analyzer, with better dispersibility, no pitting on the surface of the product, and glossiness of 85GU, which is better than that of red phosphorus filled products (glossiness 60GU). Compared with red phosphorus, it has no dust explosion risk (its dust explosion lower limit is >500g/m³, red phosphorus is 50g/m³), can be used without coating, and is safer to process. The smoke density rating (SDR) during combustion is 40, which is lower than 60 for red phosphorus. The toxicity is tested to be LD50>5000mg/kg, which is a practical non-toxic grade and complies with FDA 21CFR 177.2600 standard. It is suitable for plastic parts in contact with food.
What are the detailed specifications for the storage and processing of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP1000)?
This product needs to be packaged in aluminum foil vacuum bags, 25kg per bag, with desiccant (silica gel) placed inside the bag, and covered with corrugated boxes, 4 bags per box. Store in a concrete dry warehouse, install a thermometer and hygrometer, control the temperature to less than 30℃, the relative humidity not exceeding 60%, place a 10cm high wooden board at the bottom of the stack, the stack height should not exceed 8 boxes, and the stack spacing should be 50cm for ventilation. Before processing, it needs to be dried in an 80℃ hot air circulation dryer for 2 hours to reduce the moisture content to below 0.1%, otherwise bubbles are easily generated during injection molding. The dried material needs to be used within 4 hours to avoid moisture absorption. In the twin-screw extruder, the screw combination adopts a medium shear configuration, the speed is controlled at 250 rpm, and the barrel temperature is 10℃ lower than the resin processing temperature (such as polyamide 6 processing temperature 240℃, barrel temperature control 230℃) to avoid decomposition caused by excessive shearing. The dust is easy to fly, so the operation workshop needs to install a central dust removal system with an air volume of 2000m³/h. Operators need to wear dust masks (GB2626-2006 KN95 level). The equipment needs to be grounded (resistance <10Ω) to prevent static electricity. The dust concentration in the workshop needs to be controlled at <10mg/m³, which complies with the requirements of "Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Factors in the Workplace".