Flame retardants for flexible polyurethane foam have rewritten their own story over the last few decades. Back in the 1970s, brominated and chlorinated additives promised cheap, easy wins against house fires. It took years—and far too many health scares—to realize the dark side of halogenated chemistry. These old compounds didn’t just stop flames. They stuck around in the air and the food chain, piling up in blood and breast milk without even breaking down properly. Sometimes, smoke from burning foam packed a whole extra punch of toxic dioxins. I remember the wave of recalls and consumer fear swirling around treated furniture and baby products, fueling pressure on manufacturers and regulators. Since then, chemists answered with phosphorus-based blends, melamine derivatives, and mineral options like ATH and magnesium hydroxide—all chasing the same goal: slow down burning, skip the legacy of persistent pollution. The switch didn't come easy. Every new class faced its own troubles, from weaker flame resistance to tricky production steps. The curve bends toward halogen-free, and every step draws on lessons from tough real-world fallout, not just lab results.
Halogen-free flame retardants don’t lean on chlorine or bromine for fire protection. Most often, they work by releasing water, forming protective chars, or trapping heat chemically. Phosphorus compounds and nitrogen-based additives lead the pack in flexible PU foam. Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide show up in certain blends but usually bring trade-offs in terms of density and compression. Every time these additives hit the factory floor, it’s a matter of how much they tip the balance between safety, cost, comfort, and ease of production. A halogen-free system needs plenty of testing because foam used in bedding and seating takes heavy day-to-day abuse—not to mention regulatory scrutiny for indoor air quality. As an outsider reading labels on foam products, the terminology doesn’t always make it obvious if a given chair or mattress counts as ‘halogen-free,’ but pressure from environmental groups keeps this category growing.
A flame retardant for flexible foam faces a messy web of demands. The best types hold up to high temps, blend smoothly in polyol mixtures, and don’t wreck the cushy feel that makes polyurethane foam so useful in the first place. Phosphorus-based compounds—like ammonium polyphosphate or organophosphorus oligomers—bring decent solubility and low volatility. They put up a fight against open flames by releasing phosphoric acid or similar acids that trigger charring. Melamine derivatives stubbornly resist melting, and when pushed hard, puff out gases that dilute oxygen in a fire. Both these qualities buy precious seconds in a burn test, which makes the difference in everyday accidents. Halogen-free fillers, such as ATH, break down endothermically, soaking up energy and spitting out water vapor to slow fire spread. Some options come as powders, others as viscous liquids. The molecular weight, polarity, and reaction profile need to sync up with the foam’s recipe, so the final product won’t crack or sag.
Technical sheets for these flame retardants run long and dense, spelling out details that factories and regulators care about—purity levels, heat stability, pH balance, and solubility curves in various polyols. Legit products list recommended loading percentages, based on pounds per hundred parts of polyol (php). There’s always a trade-off: too much additive makes foam stiff and useless, while too little leaves flammability tests in the dust. Labels, especially those targeting Europe and California, must spell out absence of halogens, list REACH compliances, and flag whether the chemical cocktail meets furniture flammability standards like Cal TB 117 or EN 1021. While not every consumer reads this fine print, it sets ground rules for what comes out of the plant and lands in homes, schools, and cars.
Preparing halogen-free flame retardants for flexible PU foam often happens through controlled synthesis and blending. Phosphorus-based compounds like ammonium polyphosphate usually require precise reaction of phosphoric acid with ammonia under heat, dialed in for the right chain length and molecular weight. For organic phosphorus esters, the game involves reacting phosphoric acids or derivatives with alcohols, controlling each step to avoid side products that could gum up the works or release odors. Melamine-based retardants stem from urea and formaldehyde in the presence of catalysts, sometimes followed by acid treatments to tweak their reaction profile with polyols. ATH and magnesium hydroxide need specialized grinding and surface treatments to ramp up compatibility with PU resin blends. Blending happens under dry, cooled, dust-controlled rooms to keep processing consistent. Getting this right takes more than a recipe; it calls for real-time checks on particle size, moisture levels, and dispersion quality. Every step can tip the balance between a product that works and foam that fails burn or endurance tests.
Halogen-free flame retardants alter the core chemistry of how flexible PU foam reacts to fire. Phosphorus-based chemicals step in during combustion, breaking down into acids that kick-start rapid charring. This char layer helps block oxygen and shields deeper foam layers from spreading the fire. Nitrogen-based additives, especially melamine, release non-flammable gases at high heat, pushing out oxygen and stalling the flame front. Combining these two mechanisms—charring and inert gas release—brings better fire performance without the toxic aftertaste of halogenated smokes. Sometimes, chemists dial in even more protection with surface treatments or by using synergists such as expandable graphite or certain organic acids. These tweaks often make a difference in furniture or bedding, where the foam will see heavy use and accidents. Every real-world success in fire tests comes from getting the chemistry dialed between these building blocks, not from generic mixing but from hard-won trial and error in the lab.
Halogen-free flame retardants come with a crowd of aliases depending on manufacturer, country, or marketing angle. Companies pitch them under trade names like Exolit, for some phosphorus compounds, or Melapret for melamine blends. Aluminum trihydrate, the stalwart inorganic, never strays far from shorthand like ATH or Alumina Trihydrate. Other phosphorus blends might show up as APP (ammonium polyphosphate) or DOPO derivatives. Read a safety sheet or supplier list and you’ll hit IUPAC names stacked alongside commercial monikers. To anyone scanning MSDS or compliance paperwork, getting familiar with these synonyms means avoiding nasty surprises in a mix-up—especially where regulations kick in over prohibited halogens or trace toxins.
Every step from handling to shipping halogen-free flame retardants brings its own risks, but the profile looks friendlier than chlorine or bromine-based cousins. Factories lean on personal protective equipment to handle fine powders or sticky liquids, since skin and eye irritation remain a concern with phosphorus or nitrogen compounds. Dust can flare up, though it does not pack the same punch as halogenated compounds for persistent organic pollutants. Safety data sheets must track acute and chronic exposure limits, with workplace air monitors often checking for volatile residuals. Waste streams from manufacturing and end-of-life foam disposal now get special treatment under international rules like RoHS, REACH, and California Prop 65. Routine audits and strict labeling help keep raw materials and finished goods above board. Operators handling these blends train against spills, dust clouds, and accidental mixing with incompatible chemicals, leaning on both old hands and regular refresher courses so everyone stays ahead of changing guidance on workplace safety.
Flexible PU foam that shrugs off naked flame finds its way into nearly every modern seat cushion, mattress, and automotive headrest. Furniture shops demand halogen-free solutions now more than ever, pressured by consumer groups and tighter rules. Automakers switch to these retardants for car seats, dash pads, and insulation, targeting both long-term cabin air quality and crash fire standards. Bedding makers worry about nighttime safety for kids and adults, turning to halogen-free formulas that won’t stink up a bedroom. You’ll even track these products in packaging inserts and acoustic dampers in electronics, where heat management matters as much as flame resistance. Every purchase down the supply chain becomes a pressure point for more flameproof and less toxic foam, and each incident or recall hammers home how insulation and safety rules affect daily life.
Labs and corporate R&D teams grind through new halogen-free flame retardant recipes every year, chasing tighter fire standards without losing out on cushion, feel, or longevity. Performance in UL 94 or FMVSS 302 tests drives most new formulas. Blends get stress-tested for wear and tear, off-gassing, and reactivity with foam’s main components. Some labs dig into nano-scale modifications—coated fillers or particle engineering to boost fire protection without heavy loadings. Others toy with green chemistry, starting from renewable raw materials or trying to craft new, biodegradable phosphorus esters. The biggest drawers for R&D money tilt toward greener products that won’t break the bank or need plant overhauls. Each time a new regulation hits the market or a fire event makes headlines, teams double down on finding a blend that ticks safety, performance, and cost, measured in real-world use—not just on a benchtop.
One of the biggest lessons over the years: nontoxic in a book doesn’t mean harmless in a house. Scientists keep chasing health signals on new flame retardants, especially for what’s left behind in dust or vapor. A few phosphorus-based compounds have raised eyebrows for possible bioaccumulation or low-level toxicity in animal studies, though nothing matches the legacy scares of halogenated products. Melamine faced its own storm after links to kidney issues in food contamination stories, even if used differently here. Chronic exposure to dust from treated foam could raise inhalation risks or irritation, especially for workers running mixing or cutting machines. Toxicity screens now dig deeper into breakdown products from actual fires—not just unused foam—to spot any lingering worries. Parents push for safe bedding, and consumer advocates keep pressure up on full ingredient disclosure.
Halogen-free flame retardants keep fighting for a spot in every new build. More countries close the door on old halogenated blends, and buyers push for sustainable alternatives that don’t trade one risk for another. Markets tilt toward phosphorus and nitrogen chemistry but with a keen eye on supply chain transparency, end-of-life management, and cradle-to-grave toxicity. Next steps lean on biotech, green chemistry, and smarter processing, dropping the loading levels or tapping into recycled feedstocks without losing fire test scores. Regulators keep raising the bar, and each change in safety law brings a round of fresh investment and realignments in supply. As more data comes in from house fires, accident reports, and environmental studies, companies and chemists adjust the mix—never static, always trying to stay one step ahead of both safety hazards and public backlash.
A lot of furniture, mattresses, and car seats use flexible polyurethane (PU) foam to stay comfortable and bounce back. That foam on its own burns fast and gives off nasty smoke. Manufacturers have long tried to slow down fires by mixing in flame retardants. A big share of these used to be halogen-based — think bromine or chlorine compounds. For years, nobody thought much about what happened to these chemicals after a lifetime in your home or car.
Stories started piling up of halogenated flame retardants building up in dust and even in people’s bodies. These chemicals don’t just disappear; they hang around, move through air and water, and stick to surfaces. Research keeps connecting some of them to real health concerns like hormone disruption, lower IQ in kids, and certain cancers. During fires, those halogens can interact with other elements and produce some of the nastiest, most toxic smoke you can imagine — making it dangerous for firefighters and anyone trapped inside.
Halogen free flame retardant steps in to solve both safety and health worries. The “halogen free” label means these chemicals avoid chlorine and bromine entirely. Instead, formulas often lean on safer ingredients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or minerals like aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. These alternatives don’t last forever in the environment and tend to break down more naturally.
I’ve followed the slow rise of these safer options as folks in the foam industry react to tougher rules, especially in Europe and parts of the U.S. where public concern is loudest. Plenty of major furniture and automotive brands now ask for non-halogenated fire protection before taking on a new supplier. It’s not just about passing a new law — nobody wants a chemical that hurts their own family’s health.
Most users want a foam that slows or stops a fire, without losing the soft, springy feel. Newest halogen free fire retardants accomplish this by releasing gases or forming a protective “char” on the surface. Foam stays intact longer, giving folks more time to escape a blaze. At the same time, the smoke from these foams is less toxic and clearer, helping firefighters see and breathe better.
There's often a tradeoff, though. Halogen free formulas can bump up the cost of raw foam. Sometimes, they stiffen the foam or change how it absorbs color or glue. Chemical makers keep working on versions that fit the unique needs of bedding, car seats, or office furniture. As demand grows, I’ve seen those challenges shrink — with more suppliers finding practical ways to meet fire codes while keeping their product prices in line.
Nobody wants to go back to the days when house dust quietly filled up with toxic fire-preventing chemicals. Halogen free flame retardants protect people not only during a fire but every day they spend on a couch, bed, or in their car. These safer choices make the foam industry greener and cut down medical risks linked to old-school chemicals. That’s worth prioritizing, even if the switch is not always fast or easy.
Progress comes when manufacturers, scientists, and consumers stick with a better way. Halogen free flame retardant stands out as that better way — one that’s already reshaping the market for flexible PU foam and the lives it touches.
People spend a lot of their lives on sofas, mattresses, and car seats—all packed with flexible polyurethane foam. Fires don’t care where you’re comfortable, and once foam catches a spark, it moves fast. For years, chemical companies leaned on halogenated flame retardants. These additives kept flames at bay, but they came with a heavy price. The dust found its way into homes and into bodies. Studies eventually linked these chemicals to hormone problems and environmental buildup.
Halogen free flame retardants steer clear of elements like chlorine and bromine. Instead, they rely on minerals such as aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and some phosphorus compounds. These substances attack fires in two ways. Some absorb heat and release water vapor, which cools everything down and smothers flames before they run wild. Others build a protective char layer on the foam surface, making it tough for fire to keep eating through the material.
I once watched fire safety demos for school furniture. Old foams with halogen chemicals put out clouds of black soot that choked the air. The halogen free stuff still resisted flames, but the smoke was thinner, almost bearable. That difference means a lot in an emergency. Less toxic smoke and lower heat let people escape rooms faster and give firefighters a better shot at saving the building.
The transition has not been smooth for manufacturers. Some halogen free products need more volume to get the same fire resistance, which can affect how soft or dense a foam feels. There’s a learning curve. Producers tweak recipes to keep beds and seats just as comfy as before—but safer. Companies put real money into this process, knowing regulators and customers demand healthier homes and workplaces.
Early fears suggested halogen free chemicals wouldn’t last in foam and might wash out or break down too quickly. Over the past decade, improved phosphorus blends and mineral powders stick around better, holding up through years of sitting, sleeping, and squishing. More importantly, they break down into simple substances that don’t stick around in soil or water. That makes disposal and recycling easier, with less worry about long-term pollution.
Research backs up the safer reputation. A California study in 2021 sampled house dust after a big foam ban and saw sharp drops in dangerous chemicals. Hospitals and schools that switched to halogen free foam reported fewer asthma symptoms among kids and staff. These real-world gains make clear why switching matters, not just on paper but inside people’s homes and bodies.
Talking to foam suppliers, the next challenge is getting better results with even lower doses. Newer plant-based and nitrogen flame retardants show promise, but cost and sourcing slow the rollout. Labs keep chasing formulas that balance fire safety, health, and comfort—without making buyers pay through the nose. Pressure from green building codes and from parents keeps the momentum going.
No chemical is risk-free, but every move away from old halogen systems counts as a win. People want peace of mind that their everyday stuff won’t trade one danger for another. The science behind halogen free flame retardants keeps pushing forward, driven by simple needs: comfort, safety, and clean air at home.
It’s hard to ignore the word “halogen” these days when talking about flame retardants. For decades, halogenated chemicals—think bromine and chlorine—found their way into our furniture, electronics, and building materials. They do a solid job of stopping objects from catching fire, but their record on the health and pollution front leaves a lot to be desired. Every time I've toured a recycling plant or chatted with friends working in waste management, the headaches caused by these substances come up. Workers talk about toxic smoke, the harsh chemical smell, and how these compounds linger in the environment. Health studies back them up: burning or improper disposal creates toxic dioxins and furans that don’t just blow away with the wind.
Halogen free flame retardants take a different path. Instead of releasing chlorine- or bromine-bearing gases when exposed to heat, they often rely on minerals or phosphorous compounds, which leave behind less-toxic byproducts. If a fire does break out, these materials avoid pumping the air full of corrosive gases or persistent organic pollutants. I think about schools and hospitals—places where the air we breathe really matters. The last thing we want is to trade one risk (fire) for another (toxic exposure).
Switching to safer retardants shows clear benefits outside the lab. For example, building codes in places like Germany and Scandinavia already lean heavily on these alternatives, and data shows improved indoor air quality. In my own home, we moved to products labeled “halogen free” after one too many news stories linking certain flame retardants to hormone disruption or breathing issues in children. I sleep a little better knowing what’s inside the mattress and wall paint.
Recyclers often curse halogenated flame retardants because they contaminate plastic they’d otherwise recover. A big batch of tainted polymer goes straight to incineration. Heat those halogen-laced materials up, and you release even more toxins. It’s a cycle that works against every promise of a circular economy. By contrast, most halogen free formulas play nice in the recycling stream. They allow engineers to reclaim materials, lowering demand for raw fossil feedstocks while shrinking toxic waste.
Policy is catching up, too. Europe has kicked certain halogenated compounds off the market, and other regions are lining up to follow. Manufacturers investing in alternatives find themselves less tangled in upcoming bans. The market speaks for itself: the segment for halogen free flame retardants has grown steadily since the mid-2010s, targeting not only electronics, but also cars, planes, and construction materials. It reflects a shift toward long-term thinking.
Switching out chemicals isn’t as simple as swapping out a lightbulb. Costs can run higher, and some flame retardants only work well in certain plastics or fiber types. Still, companies keep innovating, and like with anything, prices drop as demand grows. Support from regulators and buyers makes a difference. I’ve seen government-backed projects speed up product development, especially when money goes into pilot plants and testing.
As more of us ask about what’s in our stuff, the push for transparency grows. Brands have a clear incentive to stick a halogen free label on safe, reliable goods. The health and environmental payoffs make these flame retardants part of any serious conversation about fire safety and the kind of future we're building.
These days, plenty of companies will slap “halogen free” on a product and expect trust. Shoppers who care about safety and the environment might see that label and feel good about their purchase. It's true that halogenated chemicals found in many traditional flame retardants carry real risks. Bromine and chlorine have a way of sticking around in soil, water, and our bodies. Stuff like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) built up over decades, prompting bans and a shift in industry habits.
I get why people want an alternative. No one wants toxins from their phone cases, insulation, or furniture leaching into the environment. The rise of halogen free flame retardants seems promising on the surface. You’ll see claims that these materials, often built around phosphates, minerals, or intumescent systems, play nicer with nature and with us. On paper, this shift means fewer persistent organic pollutants entering the world’s food chains.
Safety gets tricky, though. Swapping out brominated compounds for new chemical mixes doesn’t guarantee we escape hazards. Frequent alternatives—such as organophosphate esters—don’t always carry the same long-term evidence about impacts on people and wildlife. Recent research hints at hormone interference, developmental concerns, and underwater pollution from some substitutes. In short, new doesn’t always equal safe.
From my own experience in construction, not every halogen free system performs the same. Some work better in certain plastics; others demand higher loading, which means slightly heavier or more brittle parts. Sometimes manufacturers chase regulation, switching chemicals just to meet rules, not always caring if the new ingredient list comes without its own baggage. Also, industries chase cost savings, and faster rollouts can push new problems out of sight—temporarily.
Ask anyone familiar with recycling or e-waste, and they’ll tell you labeling something “environmentally friendly” focuses too much on ingredients. Processing flame retardant-filled plastics still brings challenges. Many facilities struggle to separate plastic from fire-protective additives, halogen or not. Some phosphate-based retardants have trouble breaking down, too. They run off into water and sometimes wind up in fertilizer cycles and, eventually, our crops. As a parent, that sort of thing raises my eyebrows.
Enforcement and transparency always lag behind chemists’ inventions. Without tough rules on tracking, reporting, and proper end-of-life disposal, problems pile up out of sight—like the flame-resistant mattresses that end up in a landfill, leaching unknown residues for decades.
Flame retardants fill a real need. If you’ve seen a kitchen or apartment fire spread, it’s easy to appreciate why the world doesn’t want to do without them. Still, the safe answer sits somewhere deeper than switching a few ingredients. Thorough testing before a new formula hits the market matters more than a trendy label. Real long-term studies help weed out replacements that seem safe now but bring new headaches down the line.
Rules requiring plain-English chemical lists would help, too. If smaller brands knew exactly what went into each batch, they could avoid problem additives early. Greater investment in alternative designs—a mattress that resists flames because of its structure, not just its chemicals—promises steady progress. Governments and companies who support independent research keep innovation honest. Instead of only reacting to scandals, industry and regulators could work together to build a safer standard from the beginning.
Many everyday items rely on flexible polyurethane foam. Think mattresses, car seats, sofas, office chairs. These things touch almost every part of daily life. But with that comfort comes a real safety concern. Foam burns fast and, once ignited, fills the air with smoke and toxic gasses. In a fire, that turns something you sit on or sleep on into a real danger.
Halogenated flame retardants once dominated the market. They worked, but leaching chemicals became a huge worry. Fragments build up in homes, end up in water, and cycle back through our own bodies. Researchers started flagging connections to hormone disruption, learning issues in children, even cancer. The push for safer options hasn’t let up.
I’ve noticed the first place people look is children’s bedding and toys. Parents want safer environments for kids and hesitate to buy anything linked to health hazards. Mattresses, pillows, even soft play mats, all now target certifications that signal halogen-free flame retardancy. Lawmakers recognize this too—California’s flammability standards, for example, encourage the move away from halogen chemistry.
Car interiors stand out. You don’t want fire risk inside a moving vehicle, but ventilation makes release of toxic dust a constant concern. Halogen-free foam tackles both points, making cars safer for both accident and everyday use. Some top-tier automakers already demand it for seats, headrests, armrests, and the soft padding where passengers rest their elbows.
Public transportation—buses, trains, and aircraft—leans hard on these foams. Cabin seats, headrests, sleeper berths, all now focus on slowing flames and limiting smoke, since emergency evacuations depend on every extra second. Airlines push for halogen-free foams because confined cabins can multiply small chemical concerns into big risks, for both passengers and crew.
Healthcare settings reveal another side. Hospitals and clinics need all furnishings and bedding to block fuels for fire, especially with so much sensitive equipment nearby. Nobody wants patients already struggling with asthma or other breathing issues to be exposed to even trace levels of halogen flame retardants. Adoption in healthcare space ramps up as regulations encourage a move away from the old formulas, and as hospital purchasing departments insist on both fire safety and reduced toxicity.
Even office furniture manufacturers jump on board. Open plan offices stack foam chairs, cubicle walls, and couches side by side. In case of accident or short circuit, halogen-free flame retardant gives workers some margin of safety, and building owners less worry over hazardous smoke in a busy evacuation.
Cost can make the switch intimidating. Halogen-free flame retardants almost always run pricier than the old stuff. For large manufacturers, change takes investment, plus tweaking recipes and checking properties like resilience and softness so end products stay comfortable. Some companies hesitate, blaming higher costs or limited supply.
Still, as health data piles up, the pressure builds. Brands want greener labels and cleaner stories. New technologies in flame retardancy, like phosphorus-based or nitrogen-based solutions, mean the gap in performance keeps closing. Government grants, tighter workplace safety rules, and consumer demand tip the scales. In time, safer PU foam shouldn’t just be for the premium market, but basic expectation almost everywhere you find soft padding.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 1,3,5-Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione |
| Other names |
Flame Retardant for Flexible Polyurethane Foam Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Halogen-Free FR for PU Foam Non-halogenated Flame Retardant for Flexible PU Foam |
| Pronunciation | /ˈhæləˌdʒɛn friː fleɪm rɪˈtɑːdənt fə ˈflɛksəbəl ˈpjuː fəʊm/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 13674-84-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | 146101 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:135145 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2103837 |
| ChemSpider | 12231354 |
| DrugBank | DB11442 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03e02c32-16fb-4b74-8e87-2305c1fa33ba |
| EC Number | EC 265-110-5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 88268 |
| KEGG | C18096 |
| MeSH | Diphenyl Ether; Flame Retardants; Halogens; Polyurethanes; Foams; Environmental Pollutants |
| PubChem CID | 136270658 |
| RTECS number | EC5950000 |
| UNII | UNII-V9336B8L0L |
| UN number | UN3263 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID5041450 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C9H21O3P |
| Molar mass | Molar mass: 521.2 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.20 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | 5.13 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6-8 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.49 |
| Viscosity | 400 - 600 mPa.s |
| Dipole moment | 3.7895 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -24.8 kJ/g |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | FR-2100 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause respiratory irritation, skin and eye irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07, Warning, H315, H319, H335 |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction. H319: Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary Statements: P210, P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1/1/0/0 |
| Flash point | > 200°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 360°C |
| LD50 (median dose) | > 5000 mg/kg (Rat, oral) |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: Not Established |
| REL (Recommended) | ≤1.0 phr |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants Nitrogen-containing flame retardants Melamine polyphosphate Expandable graphite Ammonium polyphosphate |
